[ Autograph ] James Madison Partly-printed D.S. as President, lp. folio, Washington, Oct. 21, 1815, on vellum. Madison signs a Letters Patent issued to William Waring and Charles Phillips, Jr. for their ,..new and useful improvement upon Phillips's Machine for cutting heading Nails by one operation... " Countersigned by future PresidentJames Monroe as Secretary of State and by Richard Rush as Attorney General. A rather important document as until this time nails had been forged by hand or mechanically cut from a larger sheet and did not bear heads as we see today. Phillips' invention no doubt made foran improved product more easily manufactured and which contributed a great deal to America's building industry. Scattered foxing, Madison's signature and the text are light but legible, Monroe's signature is darker.